Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of a woman's pelvic organs including the uterus (womb), Fallopian tubes (tubes), ovaries, and cervix. PID is very common and is estimated to affect around 1 million women every year in the US. About Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. An inflammatory process that results from other pelvic diseases, may result from gonorrhoea, chlamydia, ovarian cystic disease or postpartum infections.

What Is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a girl's ovaries, fallopian tubes, and/or uterus. Treatment with antibiotics can help prevent long-lasting problems.

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of PID?

The most common symptom of PID is lower belly pain. The pain may get worse during sex.

Other symptoms may include:

• vaginal discharge
• pain when peeing
• irregular periods or spotting

Sometimes girls with PID have no symptoms.

What Causes PID?

Pelvic inflammatory disease is usually caused by a sexually transmitted disease (STD). STDs (also called sexually transmitted infections or STIs) are infections that spread through sex (vaginal, oral, or anal). Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the STDs that most often lead to PID.

Who Gets PID?

Sexually active girls can get PID. It happens more often in girls who have more than one sexual partner.

You can get pelvic inflammatory disease more than once if partners with STDs don't get treatment, or if you have sex with someone else who has an STD.

How Is PID Diagnosed?

To find out if someone has PID, health care providers:

• ask about sexual activity
• ask about symptoms
• do a physical exam, including a pelvic exam
• test urine (pee) and vaginal discharge for STDs

Sometimes more testing is needed. For example, an ultrasound or CT scan may be done to look at the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

How Is PID Treated?

Health care providers treat PID with antibiotics . All sexual partners from the past 2 months need treatment too.

Girls who are getting treated for PID should not have sex until:

• treatment is finished and there are no more signs of PID
• partners have been treated and have no symptoms

What Can Happen if PID Isn't Treated?

If pelvic inflammatory disease isn't treated or went on a long time before being treated, girls can have problems such as:

• ongoing pain in the lower belly
• trouble getting pregnant (infertility)
• pregnancy in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus (an ectopic pregnancy)
• an infection in the ovary and fallopian tube (a tubo-ovarian abscess)

Can PID Be Prevented?

The best way to prevent PID and STDs is to not have sex (oral, vaginal, or anal). If you decide to have sex, use a latex condom every time.

If you are sexually active, it's important to get tested for STDs every year, or more often if recommended by your health care provider.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract, including the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

PID is a common condition, although it's not clear how many women are affected in the UK.

It mostly affects sexually active women aged 15 to 24.

Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

PID often does not cause any obvious symptoms.

Most women have mild symptoms that may include 1 or more of the following:

• pain around the pelvis or lower tummy
• discomfort or pain during sex that's felt deep inside the pelvis
• pain when peeing
• bleeding between periods and after sex
• unusual vaginal discharge, especially if it's yellow or green

A few women become very ill with:

• severe pain in the tummy
• a high temperature
• feeling and being sick

When to seek medical advice

It's important to visit a GP or a sexual health clinic if you experience any of the above symptoms.

If you have severe pain, you should seek urgent medical attention from your GP or local A&E department.

Delaying treatment for PID or having repeated episodes of PID can increase your risk of serious and long-term complications.

There's no simple test to diagnose PID. Diagnosis is based on your symptoms and the finding of tenderness on a vaginal (internal) examination.

Swabs will be taken from your vagina and the neck of the womb (cervix), but negative swabs do not rule out PID.

Causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Most cases of PID are caused by a bacterial infection that's spread from the vagina or the cervix to the reproductive organs higher up.

Many different types of bacteria can cause PID. In many cases, it's caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea.

Another type of STI called mycoplasma genitalium is thought to be increasingly responsible for cases of PID.

In many other cases, it's caused by bacteria that normally live in the vagina.

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Treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

If diagnosed at an early stage, PID can be treated with a course of antibiotics, which usually lasts for 14 days.

You'll be given a mixture of antibiotics to cover the most likely infections, and often an injection as well as tablets.

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It's important to complete the whole course and avoid having sexual intercourse during this time to help ensure the infection clears.

Your recent sexual partners also need to be tested and treated to stop the infection coming back or being spread to others.

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Complications

The fallopian tubes can become scarred and narrowed if they're affected by PID. This can make it difficult for eggs to pass from the ovaries into the womb.

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This can then increase your chances of having a pregnancy in the fallopian tubes instead of the womb (ectopic pregnancy) in the future, and can make some women infertile.

It's estimated around 1 in 10 women with PID become infertile as a result of the condition. Women who have delayed treatment or had repeated episodes of PID are most at risk.

But most women treated for PID are still able to get pregnant without any problems.

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Preventing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

You can reduce your risk of PID by always using condoms with a new sexual partner until they have had a sexual health check.

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Chlamydia is very common in young men and most do not have any symptoms.

If you're worried you may have an STI, visit your local genitourinary medicine (GUM) or sexual health clinic for advice.

Std And Pid

If you need an invasive gynaecological procedure, such as insertion of a coil or an abortion, have a check-up beforehand.

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Page last reviewed: 6 August 2018
Next review due: 6 August 2021